· Control unit: This unit controls the input unit, storage unit, arithmetic unit and the output unit. It is equivalent to the human central nervous system.

- Удирдлагын төхөөрөмж: Энэ төхөөрөмж нь оролтын  төхөөрөмж, санах төхөөрөмж, арифметик төхөөрөмж болон гаралтын төхөөрөмжүүдийг удирдана. Хүний мэдрэлийн төв системтэй төстэй.

- The final chapter in the book looks ahead a few years with a view of where telecommunications technology is headed.

- Номын сүүлийн бүлэгт харилцаа холбооны технологи хэдэн жилийн өмнөөс л толгойлж байсан нь харагдаж байна. 

- Hub is one of the basic icons of networking devices which works at physical layer and hence connect networking devices physically together. 

- Hub нь сүлжээний физик түвшинд ажилладаг мөн сүлжээний төхөөрөмжүүдийг физикээр холбодог үндсэн нэг төхөөрөмж юм.

Studying English for my future profession and career

I am going to tell you about my future profession. Choosing a career and getting a job are two things, any person passes through in his life.

When millions of young people leave school, they begin an independent life. Some of them start working, go into business; some of them keep upgrading their schooling to receive higher education.

Young people can learn about professions in magazines and advertisements. Magazines for teenagers often offer questionnaires, quizzes to help young people to find out their interests and abilities more clearly and to make a decision concerning their future occupation.

While choosing a career one should take into consideration all main possibilities that his future profession might provide: the profession must be interesting, one have to be sure of his future (that means that one will be able to find a job after his graduation from the university or institute), a profession must be well-paid, otherwise you won't be able to support yourself and your future family.

During our school life, we begin to think about our future life, our job. There are many professions in the world, so it is quite difficult to choose and make a decision. Some follow their own choice; some follow parent's advice, because they can help concerning future plans. I never had a question, what I was going to do, when I was finishing my school. I have known it since being a child that I want to bean interpreter. I have chosen this profession, because the importance of foreign languages and foreign cultures is growing nowadays. Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange between the people on our planet. Although there are 3000 languages on the Earth, English is the most universal and widely spread. It is the language of science and technology, trade and cultural relations and business. It is the universal language of international aviation, shipping, sports and medicine. English is the official language in nearly forty countries. It is spoken by more than 350 million people and also spoken as a second language in many parts of the World. Besides, millions of people study English as a foreign language. In our country English is very popular. It is studied at schools, colleges and universities. English has been playing a major role in many sectors including medicine, engineering, and education, which, in my opinion, is the most important arena where English is needed.

I hope someday I will have a chance to go abroad and get succeed base on my own effort.
In conclusion, I love English and choose it as my second language. I will always keep improving my English. It is important for me to learn English because I want to know what is going on in the world. With recent advances in technology, the world is changing rapidly in many fields, such as business, arts and medicine. These changes will affect people soon and it's important forme to read and keep up with these changes. In fact, lea riling English is the answer to a lot of the questions that I have.

In conclusion, I would like to say it is a great advantage of choosing our future career being a school pupil. It gives us a goal and enables us to choose a right, suitable course of study. It gives u.s time to be prepared. Also, I'd like to mention that if we don't think about our future, nobody will think, so we just can have one way. We must work hard to realize our wishes, because future is purchased by the present.

If you want something be done well, do it yourself, make a right decision

How to make a presentation

 Advice on how to make a presentation

Start preparing early; don't wait until the last few days to prepare

·         prepare it early, let it rest a little bit and come back to it

·         practice your entire presentation-including your slides

·         if you can practice it before a group of colleagues or friends

Think about Your Audience: 

·         who are they and why are they here;

·         what are their interests;

·          what do they know; what do they want to know; what is a worthwhile investment in their time

Be clear about your purpose: 

·         are you informing or persuading;

·         tell them what you are going to do, tell them, tell them what you told them;

·         what do you want the audience to know, feel, or believe afterwards

Use an Effective Introduction: 

·                       orient the audience; explain why it is important; set the tone,

·                       establish a relationship between the speaker and the audience; establish credibility;

·                       avoid weak introductions such as apologies, jokes, rhetorical questions
Organize your presentation clearly and simply: 

·                     Prioritize topics and allocate time accordingly

·                     stick to only 3-5 main points;

·                     have a well thought pattern (examples are problem/solution, chronological, cause and effect, topical); use transitions to move smoothly from one point to the next

Use supporting materials to flesh out main points 

·         Use examples, statistics, expert opinions, anecdotes

Compose for the Ear, not for the Eye: 

·         use simple words, simple sentences, markers, repetition, images, personal language ("You" and "I")

Create an Effective Conclusion: 

·         summarize, set final image, provide closure; don't trail off, don't use trite phrases

·         don't just present data or summarized results and leave the audience to draw its own conclusions

·         you have had much more time to work with your information than your audience; share your insight and understanding and tell them what you've concluded from your work

Sound spontaneous, conversational, enthusiastic 

·         use key phrases in your notes so you don't have to read, use the overhead instead of notes;

·         vary volume, don't be afraid of silence, don't use fillers like "um"...

·         Practice, Practice, Practice

Use Body Language Effectively:

·         relaxed gestures, eye contact; don't play with a pen or pointer,

·         don't block visual aids

Use Visual Aids to Enhance the Message: 

·         you will probably need to use overhead transparancies in your presentation but to be effective, they must be designed and used properly

·         use visuals to reinforce and clarify, not overwhelm;

·         keep visual aids uncluttered; use titles to guide the audience

·         if you use tapes or disks, make sure the equipment is compatible

Analyze the Environment:

·         check out size of room, placement of chairs, time of day, temperature, distractions

check out AV equipment ahead of time; have a spare bulb

Cope with Stage Fright by Remembering: it's normal; it can be helpful, everyone feels it.

Engleberg (1994) proposes a 7 P approach to the principles of public speaking. 

 You might find these helpful.

Purpose: - Why are you speaking? What do you want audience members to know, think, believe, or do as a result of your presentationPeople :   Who is your audience? How do the characteristics, skills, opinions, and behaviors of your audience affect your purposePlace:    Why are you speaking to this group now and in this place? How can you plan and adapt to the logistics of this place. How can you use visual aids to help you achieve your purposePreparation:   Where and how can you find good ideas and information for your speech? How much and what kind of supporting materials do you need.Planning:     Is there a natural order to the ideas and information you will use? What are the most effective ways to organize your speech in order to adapt it to the purpose, people, place, etc.Personality:     How do you become associated with your message in a positive way? What can you do to demonstrate your competence, charisma, and character to the audience?Performance:  What form of delivery is best suited to the purpose of your speech. What delivery techniques will make your presentation more effective. How should you practice?

1.     MAKING A START - Introducing yourself and your talk

Greeting, name, position:

- Good morning. My name’s (…). I’m ( the manager … ).

- Ladies and gentlemen. It’s an honor to have the opportunity to address such a distinguished audience.

- Good morning. Let me start by saying just a few words about my background. I started out  in ...

- Welcome to (…). I knew I’ve met some of you, but just for the benefit of those I haven’t, my name’s (…). 

Title / subject

- I’d like to talk (to you) today about …

- I’m going to present  the recent …

                      explain our position on …

                       brief you on …

          inform you about / describe…      

  - The subject of my talk

       focus            presentation    

       topic             paper (academic)       

                           speech (usually to public audience)

Purpose / Objective

- We are here today to decide …

                                  agree …

                                  learn about …

- The purpose of this talk is to update you on …

                                       put you in the picture about …

                                      give you the background to …

- This talk is designed to act as a springboard for

  discussion. Start the ball rolling.

Length

- I shall only take (…) minutes of your time.

- I plan to brief.

- This should be only last (…) minutes.

Outline / Main parts

- I’ve divided my presentation/talk into four

  parts/sections. They are (…).

- The subject can be looked at under the following

   headings: (…).

- We can break this area down into the following fields:

          Firstly / first of all … 

          Secondly / then / next …

          Thirdly / and then we come to …

          Finally / lastly / last of all ...

Questions

- I’d be glad to answer any questions at the end of my talk.

- If you have any questions, please feel free to interrupt.

- Please interrupt me if there’s something which needs clarifying.

  Otherwise, there’ll be time for discussion at the end.

Reference to the audience

- I can see many of you are …;     

- I know you’ve all travelled a long way.

- You all look as though you’ve heard this before.

- As I’m sure you know … ;          

- You may remember …

- We have all experienced …         

- As I’m sure we’d all agree …

2.    LINKING THE PARTS – Linking ideas

Sequencing / Ordering

- Firstly …    secondly …    thirdly … ;     

- Then …    next …   finally / lastly …

- Let’s start with …;  

- So that covers ....

- Let’s move/go on to … ;

- Now we come to … ; That brings us to …

- Let’s leave that (there) … ; That covers …

- Let’s get back to …;     … and turn to …

Giving reasons / causes

- Therefore / so;    

- as a result; that’s why ;

Contrasting

- But;

- however;

Comparing

- similarly;     

- in the same way;

Contrasting

- in fact;       

- actually;

Summarizing

- to sum up; 

- in brief / in short;

Concluding

- in conclusion; 

- to conclude;

Highlighting

- in particular;  

- especially;

Digressing

-By the way ;  

- in passing;

Giving examples

- For example / for instance;  

- such as;     

6. FINISHING OFF - Endings

Signaling the end

- That brings me to the end of my presentation.

- That completes my presentation.

- Before I stop / finish, let me just say …

- That covers all I wanted to say today.

Summarizing

- Let me just run over the key points again.

- I’ll briefly summarize the main issues.

- To sum up …

- Briefly …

Concluding

- As you can see, there are some very good  reasons …

- In conclusion …

- I’d like to leave you with the following thought / idea.

Recommending

- So, I would suggest that we …

- I’d like to propose … (more formal).

- In my opinion, the only way forward is …

Closing

- Thanks.

- Thank you for your attention.

- Thank you for listening.

- I hope you will have gained an insight into …

Inviting questions

- I’d be glad to try and answer any questions.

- So, let’s throw it open to questions.

- Any questions?

7. QUESTION TIME – Asking and answering questions.

Welcoming a question

- Go ahead  / Please do / Certainly.

- That’s a good question.

- That’s interesting.

Clarifying a question

- If I understand you correctly, you are saying / asking …

- I didn’t quite catch that.

- Could you go over that again?

- I’m not sure what you’re getting at.

Avoiding giving an answer / or taking time to think before answering

- Perhaps we could deal with that later.

- Can we talk about that on another occasion?

- I’m afraid that’s not my field.

- I don’t have the figures with me.

- I’m sure Mr. (…) could answer that question.

- That’s interesting, but I’d prefer not to answer that

   today.

Checking the questioner is satisfied

- Does that answer your question?

- Is that clear?

- May we go on?

1.The Structure of an Essay

    Your essay should start with an introductory paragraph. There are actually many different ways to begin an essay; therefore, the format of the introductory paragraph is flexible. Often, essays begin with a general introductory statement. This statement could be an anecdote, description, striking statistic, a fact that will lead to your thesis, etc. Beginning this way, you will use the first few sentences to prepare, or "lay the groundwork" for your thesis, and use the last sentence of the first paragraph to present your thesis. However, your thesis statement can be anywhere in your introduction. In a longer essay, you can even wait to present your thesis until the second paragraph or later. Also for a longer essay, you should begin to introduce a few supporting ideas in the first couple of paragraphs. These supporting ideas should be the topics that you will discuss in full in your body paragraphs. For a short essay, presenting supporting ideas during the introduction is optional.

         Your second paragraph generally begins the body of the paper. (For a longer paper, the body of the paper may not begin until the third paragraph or later). This paragraph should begin with a topic sentence that introduces the first supporting idea (the support for your thesis). You should use the middle of the paragraph to discuss your support, give examples, and analyze the significance of these examples. Your last sentence of the body paragraph could be used to draw a conclusion for that supporting idea, or to transition into the next paragraph.

          Your next two body paragraphs should follow the same format as your first body paragraph. They should each have a separate topic sentence and supporting ideas, but the three paragraphs should work together to prove your thesis. If you are writing a longer paper, you will have more than three body paragraphs, but they should all follow this format.

       The form of your conclusion, like your introduction, is flexible. One good way to conclude a paper is to begin the last paragraph with a statement that reflects on what has been stated and proved, without repeating it exactly. Then you should briefly restate your key points to gently remind the reader how well you proved your thesis. Your conclusion should end with a statement or idea that leaves a strong impression and provokes further thought.

2. The Essay

          To define the essay briefly, one can say that it is a piece of writing usually short (3 to 10 pages), written in prose, and that may be on any subject. The essay is generally based on other people's statements. In the essay you can include your personal opinion, and some examples to illustrate your point of view. It is written about one topic, just as a paragraph is. However, the topic of an essay is too long and too complex to discuss it in one paragraph. Therefore, you must divide the topic into several paragraphs, one for each major point. In general, essays have three basic parts: introduction, body and conclusion.

     a.The Introduction

     It is the first section of your essay. This makes it extremely important, because first impressions are often lasting ones. It consists of two parts: a few general statements about your subject to attract your reader's attention, and a thesis statement, that states the specific subdivisions of your topic and/or the "plan" of your paper. The introduction then, begins with remarks to interest people. As it progresses, it should present general ideas or facts to orient the reader. Then, it will narrow its focus, and move from general to specific facts smoothly and logically.

      b.The body Paragraphs

      They are the longest section of you essay. In a short essay there are usually three body paragraphs,each one considering in detail one aspect of the essay's controlling idea. This is called a three-point essay. At the beginning of each of your support paragraphs, there is a topic sentence that tells what the rest of your text is going to be about. This sentence should direct your readers back to the controlling idea and indicate which aspect of it you are going to discuss. Once you present your topic, you need details and facts to support it. It is not enough to state your position; your reader needs to be convinced that your point of view is valid an accurate. There is not any rule that determines how long a body paragraph should be. The more relevant detail you can bring in to support each of your topic sentence, the clearer your points will be.

      c. The Conclusion

     The ideas in this part must be consistent with the rest of your essay. In it, you should restate the controlling idea. This restatement is usually more effective when it is located at the beginning of the conclusion. It reminds your public about the major points you were trying to make, and it indicates your essay is about to end. Many writers like to end their conclusion with a final emphatic sentence. This strong closing statement will make your readers think about the implications of what you wrote. You do not introduce your points in your conclusion.